Analysis of 200 test questions about professional knowledge

Analysis of 200 test questions of Guanye knowledge

1. Generally speaking, a drug can be prepared in multiple dosage forms with the same pharmacological effect, but different routes of administration may produce different curative effects: ① Different dosage forms change the properties of the drug; ② Different dosage forms change the speed of action of the drug; ③ Different dosage forms change the adverse reactions of drugs; ④ Some dosage forms can produce targeting effects; ⑤ Some dosage forms affect the curative effect.

2 Pharmacology is a comprehensive technical discipline that studies the basic theory, prescription design, preparation process, quality control and rational application of pharmaceutical preparations.

3. The same dosage form changes the action properties of most drugs. After changing the dosage form, the action properties of most drugs remain unchanged, but some drugs can change the action properties. Inhibits the central nervous system of the brain, has sedative and antispasmodic effects. 4. Injections, aerosols, sublingual tablets, transdermal patches, etc. can avoid the first-pass effect of the liver, gastrointestinal pH and enzymes on drug degradation and stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract by drugs, and improve bioavailability .

5. Non-prescription drugs Consumers can judge the drugs they buy and use without a prescription from a licensed physician or assistant licensed physician. Selected by experts, approved and published by the State Food and Drug Administration. On the packaging of non-prescription drugs, the exclusive logo of non-prescription drugs designated by the state must be printed. Over-the-counter drugs are also called “over the counter drugs” (OTC for short) in foreign countries. At present, OTC has become the abbreviation of over-the-counter drugs commonly used in the world.

6. The factors affecting the dissolution rate can be analyzed according to the Noyes-Whitney equation

7. In addition to being used for solubilization and emulsification, surfactants are also commonly used as suspending agents, foaming agents and defoaming agents, detergents, disinfectants or bactericides, etc.

8. The HLB value of Tween is between 10.5 and 16.7, and it is an O/W emulsifier.

A. Lanolin – natural emulsifier (W/O type)

B. Octadecanol——W/O type emulsifier

C. Calcium stearate – lubricant

D. Tween-80——O/W type emulsifier

E. Glyceryl monostearate——W/O auxiliary emulsifier

9, HLB=(5.16+6.68)/1=11.84

10. Heterogeneous liquid preparation: It is an unstable multiphase dispersion system, including the following types: ① Sol agent, also known as hydrophobic colloid solution; ② Inhomogeneous dispersion system formed by dispersing insoluble liquid drugs in a dispersion medium It is called an emulsion; ③The inhomogeneous dispersion system formed by the insoluble solid drug dispersed in the dispersion medium in the state of particles is called a suspension.

11. Syrups are easily contaminated by microorganisms, and preservatives should be added to low-concentration syrups.

12. Solution refers to a clear liquid preparation formed by dissolving a drug in a solvent. Additional additives such as co-solvents, antioxidants, flavoring agents, and coloring agents can be added as needed.

13. Insoluble drugs that cannot be fully dissolved in a given solvent volume at the required dose, or drugs that are unpleasant in taste, difficult to swallow, or drugs whose solubility decreases when the two solutions are mixed, and for long-acting effects Or in order to improve the medicine of stability in aqueous solution, all can be designed and made into suspension. However, for the sake of uniformity and safety, drugs with small doses and drugs with low toxicity should not be made into suspensions.

15. Mixture refers to a liquid preparation for oral administration that uses water as a solvent and contains one or more than one pharmaceutical ingredients.

16. The injections for intravenous injection and spinal cavity injection should be equal or close to the plasma osmotic pressure. Otherwise, the hypotonic solution will cause the red blood cells to burst and hemolyze; the hypertonic solution will cause the red blood cells to shrink.

17. The pH requirement is equal to or close to that of blood (blood pH is about 7.4), generally controlled within the range of 4-9

18. High temperature method; acid-base method; adsorption method; ion exchange method; gel filtration method; ultrafiltration method

Note: Pyrogen is small in size, 1-5nm in size, and can pass through ordinary filters, even microporous membranes cannot retain it.

19. Sterile powder for injection, also known as powder, refers to a sterile powder or a sterile block made of a drug that is prepared into a clear solution or a homogeneous suspension with a suitable sterile solution before use. It can be prepared with a suitable solvent for injection and injected, or it can be prepared with intravenous infusion and injected intravenously.

21. Impact pulverizer: The impact force of the impact pulverizer on the material is mainly the impact force. It is suitable for brittle and tough materials as well as medium crushing, fine crushing, ultrafine crushing, etc. It is widely used, so it has the “universal pulverizer”. “The name. Its typical crushing structures are hammer type and impact column type.

22. Implantable tablet: a tablet that slowly releases the drug after implanting a sterile tablet under the skin, and maintains the curative effect for several weeks, months or even years. Such as contraceptive implants have achieved better results. It is not a dosage form for oral administration.

23. Effervescent tablets: tablets containing effervescent disintegrants. The so-called effervescent disintegrant refers to a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and organic acids such as citric acid in pairs. When it meets water, the two react to produce a large amount of carbon dioxide gas, thereby causing the tablet to disintegrate rapidly.

24. The implant does not pass through the gastrointestinal tract, so the first-pass effect can be avoided.

25. Dispersible tablets refer to tablets that can be rapidly disintegrated and uniformly dispersed in water (disintegrate and disperse in water at 21°C±10°C for 3 minutes and pass through a sieve with a pore size of 180μm). Drugs in dispersible tablets should be poorly soluble. Dispersible tablets can be dispersed with water and then taken orally, or the dispersible tablets can be sucked or swallowed in the mouth. Dispersible tablets should be tested for dissolution.

26. Enteric coating material: enteric coating�Ethanol miscible

175. Sterilization: Except for injections produced by aseptic operation, general injections must be sterilized as soon as possible after filling, usually within 12 hours, to reduce bacterial reproduction.

176. The active part of the anionic surfactant is an anion. Including higher fatty acid salts (soaps), sulfates and sulfonates, etc.

177, A. Soap – anionic surfactant

B. Soybean Lecithin – Zwitterionic Surfactant

C. Tween 80——Nonionic Surfactant

D. Benzalkonium Bromide——Cationic Surfactant

E. Poloxamer——nonionic surfactant

178. The nearly saturated aqueous solution of pure sucrose is called simple syrup or syrup, with a concentration of 85% (g/ml) or 64.7% (g/g). The simple syrup does not contain any drugs, except for the preparation of drug-containing syrups , generally can be used as flavoring syrup, such as orange peel syrup, ginger syrup, etc., and sometimes used as a suspending agent, such as codeine phosphate syrup.

179. The nearly saturated aqueous solution of pure sucrose is called simple syrup or syrup, with a concentration of 85% (g/ml) or 64.7% (g/g).

180. Sol agent refers to the non-uniform liquid dispersion system formed by the fine particles of solid medicine dispersed in water, also known as colloidal solution.

181. The substances used as suspending agents are generally viscous substances, and syrup is a low molecular suspending agent. However, sodium tartrate, potassium citrate, and phosphate are salts of organic acids, so they cannot be used as suspending agents, but can only be used as flocculants. Tween 80 is a surfactant used as a wetting agent.

182. The electrolyte that reduces the Zeta potential of the particles is a flocculant.

An electrolyte that increases the Zeta potential of particles is a deflocculant.

183. Gargles refer to liquid preparations used for cleaning the throat and mouth. It is used for oral cleaning, deodorization, antisepsis, astringent and anti-inflammatory. Generally, the aqueous solution of the drug may also contain a small amount of glycerin and ethanol. An appropriate amount of coloring agent is often added to the solution for external use as a mouthwash and should not be swallowed.

184. The method of exclusion can be used to select.

185. Disodium edetate belongs to metal ion chelating agent.

Auxiliaries of antioxidants, which are usually chelating agents, have little antioxidant effect, but can strengthen the effect of antioxidants by preferentially reacting with metal ions. Such auxiliary antioxidants include citric acid, tartaric acid, EDTA and mercaptodipropionic acid.

186. The preparation process of freeze-dried powder can be divided into several processes such as pre-freezing, decompression, sublimation and drying.

187. The absorption route of ophthalmic drugs:

Cornea→anterior chamber→iris

conjunctiva→sclera→back of eyeball

188. Depending on the application of the powder, the particle size requirements are different. Generally, the fine powder content of the powder that can pass through the No. 6 sieve (100 mesh, 125μm) is not less than 95%; insoluble drugs, astringents, adsorption Powder for medicine, pediatrics or external use can pass through No. 7 sieve (120 mesh, 150 μm) with a fine powder content of not less than 95%; ophthalmic powder should all pass through No. 9 sieve (200 mesh, 75 μm), etc.

189. Pyrogen is only checked for general injections.

190. Nitroglycerin is often made into sublingual tablets.

191. Binder refers to the auxiliary material that gives viscosity to non-viscous or insufficiently viscous materials, so that the materials can be agglomerated into granules.

192. Commonly used disintegrants for tablets include: dry starch, sodium carboxymethyl starch (CMS-Na), low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose (L-HPC), croscarmellose sodium (CC -Na), cross-linked povidone (also known as cross-linked PVPP), effervescent disintegrants, etc.

193. Liquid drugs can also be made into capsules. Capsules have the following characteristics: ①It can cover up the bad smell of the drug and improve the stability of the drug. ②The drug in the capsule is directly filled in the capsule shell in the state of powder or granule, and is not affected by factors such as pressure, so it quickly disperses, dissolves and absorbs in the gastrointestinal tract. Generally, its onset is higher than that of pills, Dosage forms such as tablets. ③ liquid drug solid dosage form. ④ It can delay the release of drugs and localize drug release.

194. Since the main capsule material of the capsule shell is water-soluble gelatin, the drug filled cannot be an aqueous solution or dilute ethanol solution to prevent the capsule wall from melting. Filling with drugs that are easy to air-dry can soften the capsule wall, and filling with drugs that are easy to deliquesce can make the capsule wall brittle. Therefore, drugs with these properties are generally not suitable for making capsules. After the capsule shell melts in the body, the local drug dose is very large, so easily soluble and irritating drugs should not be made into capsules.

195. There are two types of emulsion matrix: oil-in-water (O/W) type and water-in-oil (W/O) type.

196. There are two types of emulsion matrix: oil-in-water (O/W) type and water-in-oil (W/O) type. The role of emulsifiers plays a major role in the type of emulsion matrix that is formed.

197. The ratio of the weight of the drug to the weight of the matrix in the same volume is called the substitution value of the drug for the matrix.

198. There are two basic methods for the preparation of suppositories, namely cold pressing method and hot melting method.

199. The propellant is the driving force for spraying medicine, and sometimes it also acts as a solvent for medicine. Most of the propellants are liquefied gases, whose boiling point is lower than room temperature under normal pressure. Therefore, it needs to be placed in a pressure-resistant container and controlled by a valve system. When the valve is opened, the liquid medicine in the container is sprayed out to the medication site by the pressure of the propellant. In the past, chlorofluorocarbons were the most commonly used propellants for aerosols, and now relevant international organizations have requested to stop using them. The currently available propellants for aerosols include hydrofluoroalkanes, dimethyl ether, hydrocarbons and compressed gases.

200. Propellants are required for the preparation of aerosols; sprays generally use manual pumps or high-pressure gas to release the contents in mist form.